Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election

Personal details
Born	Richard William Painter October 3, 1961 (age 57) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Political party	Republican (before 2018) Democratic (2018–present)
Spouse(s)	Karen Painter
Children	3
Education	Harvard University (BA) Yale University (JD)
Website	Campaign website

1. Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election Results
2. Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election Results
3. Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Elections
4. Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election Result
5. Worst Day In America Second Worst

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Richard William Painter^[1] (born October 3, 1961) is an American lawyer, professor, and political candidate. He is the S. Walter Richey Professor of Corporate Law at the University of Minnesota, and since 2016 has served as vice-chair of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), a left-leaning^[2][3] government watchdog group.^[4]

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From 2005 to 2007 Painter was the chief White House ethics lawyer in the George W. Bush administration. He is an outspoken critic of President Donald Trump.^[5][6] Painter has been affiliated with the Campaign Legal Center,^[7] a left-leaning group that is a frequent critic of the Trump administration.^[8] Throughout 2017 he was involved in the CREW lawsuit against Trump, CREW v. Trump.

A longtime Republican and self-described centrist, in 2018 Painter ran for the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party nomination for U.S. Senate, challenging recently appointed Senator Tina Smith.^[9] Smith defeated Painter in the primary by a wide margin.^[10]

• 2Career
• 3Political positions

Early life and education[edit]

Painter was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1961. He was raised outside Philadelphia, in Kansas City, Kansas, and in Champaign, Illinois. He graduated from St. George's School, Newport, Rhode Island.

Painter received his B.A. in history summa cum laude from Harvard University and his J.D. from Yale Law School, where he was an editor of the Yale Journal on Regulation.^[11][12][13] At Harvard Painter became politically active, speaking out against President Reagan's decision to send aid to the right-wing government in El Salvador and founding the Harvard Radcliffe Democratic Club newspaper Perspective.^[14] In 1982 he made his first appearance on national television during an episode of Firing Line with Reagan in which he called out Reagan's 'reckless deficit spending and cuts to social programs'.^[15] During the 1984 presidential election Painter was the chair of Harvard Students for Walter Mondale.

Career[edit]

Painter served as law clerk to Judge John T. Noonan Jr. of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He then worked at the law firms of Sullivan & Cromwell in New York and Finn Dixon & Herling in Stamford, Connecticut.^[12]

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Painter was the Guy Raymond and Mildred Van Voorhis Jones Professor of Law at the University of Illinois College of Law from 2002 to 2005 and the chief White House ethics lawyer in the George W. Bush administration from 2005 to 2007.^[11][16][17] Upon leaving the White House, he returned to teaching, at the University of Minnesota Law School.^[18]

Painter has been a member of the American Law Institute since 2004.^[13] In March 2016 he wrote in The New York Times that if President George W. Bush had had the opportunity to appoint a Supreme Court justice during his last two years in office, with a Democratic-majority Senate, Bush would have chosen Judge Merrick Garland (who was ultimately nominated by President Obama on March 16, 2016) as a consensus nominee.^[19]William K. Kelley, who was deputy counsel to President Bush from 2005 to 2007, disagreed that Bush might have nominated Garland under such circumstances.^[20]

In December 2016 Painter replaced David Brock as vice-chairman of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW).^[21][22] As of May 2017 he is the S. Walter Richey Professor of Corporate Law at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities.^[17][21]

Collusion between the Trump campaign and Russians[edit]

In May 2017 Painter compared the Trump administration with Nixon's scandals, saying, 'Nixon may have been a crook, but at least he was our crook. He wasn’t a Russian agent!'^[23] In 2018 he said, “We know there was collusion.”^[24] In early 2019 Painter told German newspaper Deutsche Welle that the indictment of Roger Stone was 'evidence of collusion between high-ranking officials in the Trump campaign and WikiLeaks to obtain documents stolen by the Russians in the 2016 election.'^[25]

Emolument Clause lawsuit against Donald Trump[edit]

In January 2017 CREW filed suit against President Donald Trump for failing to sell off certain assets and place others in a blind trust.^[26] Painter, vice-chairman of CREW, stated, 'If Obama had tried that, we would have impeached him in two weeks.'^[26] CREW alleges that certain foreign payments that Trump receives are in violation of the U.S. Mac os recovery image download tool. Constitution's emoluments clause.^[27] The case was dismissed by the district court, which found that the plaintiffs lacked standing;^[28][29] CREW's appeal is pending in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.^[30]

2018 Senate campaign[edit]

Painter was a longtime Republican, saying in 2017: 'I've been a Republican for 30 years. There's no way that I would want to see the Republican Party stand up for covering up for Russian espionage and whoever in the United States has been helping the Russians. It's going to be a disaster for the Republicans. It's going to be a disaster for our country.'^[31] In criticizing Trump and his administration, Painter said, 'We are well past the point where we were in 1973 (Watergate) with respect to clear evidence of abuse of power, obstruction of justice, and other illegal activities.'^[32]

In March 2018 Painter announced that he was forming an exploratory committee to run for U.S. Senate in Minnesota, saying he was unsure whether he would seek office as a Republican, Democrat, or independent. In April 2018 he announced that he would run as a Democratic (Minnesota DFL) candidate in the primary against the incumbent Senator Tina Smith.^[6] Painter finished a distant second, with 14% of the vote to Smith's 76%.^[33][34]

Political positions[edit]

Painter describes himself as a centrist,^[6] and has criticized the Republican Party's move to the right since 1980.^[32] He said he would not accept the support of political action committees, super PACs, or 'dark money' organizations.^[6] He supports major investments in transportation and other infrastructure projects, and is critical of stadium subsidies.^[32] Painter also declared his opposition to the Trump tariffs, in particular those on steel and aluminum.^[35]

Painter favors legalizing recreational marijuana and ending the federal ban on marijuana.^[36] On gun politics, he is critical of the NRA, calling it a 'protection racket' and favors 'a license-and-registration system similar to what we have for cars.'^[32][37]

Ethics reform[edit]

To confront corruption in Washington, Painter proposed what he calls the 'strongest ethics reform package in United States history':^[38]

• Apply 18 U.S.C § 208, a previously existing criminal statute that prohibits all unelected federal executive branch officers from participating in any matter with which they or a spouse have a personal financial conflict of interest, to the President, Vice President, and all members of the House and Senate.
• Require the President and all members of the House and Senate to divest from individual companies’ stocks, bonds and other securities that create conflicts of interest, and instead invest in broadly diversified stock mutual funds, life insurance, bank accounts, and other conflict-free assets as defined in already existing Office of Government Ethics regulations.
• Expand the post-government-employment ban in 18 U.S.C § 207 to include a lifetime ban on former members of the House and Senate serving as paid lobbyists, and provide that violating this ban will result in criminal penalties.
• Impose term limits (six years in the House, twelve years in the Senate) for Congressional leadership positions and committee chairmanships, and dismantle the seniority system that gives more power to long-serving members.
• Strip pensions of any official found guilty of violating any federal anti-corruption statute, including but not limited to 18 U.S.C §§ 207 and 208, bribery and gratuity statutes, insider trading laws, and other similar provisions.
• Impose criminal penalties on any U.S. government official who receives profits and benefits from foreign governments in violation of the Emoluments Clause of the Constitution, and mandate that the Department of Justice investigate and prosecute persons violating this prohibition.

Healthcare[edit]

Painter believes that the United States ought to support the health care system that is the most efficient and comprehensive, which he believes to be a single-payer system.^[39] He supports the following:

• Passing Bernie Sanders's Medicare-for-All bill^[40]
• Keeping the ACAmedical device tax^[39]
• Ensuring no American pays more for pharmaceuticals than their counterparts in other developed nations^[41]

Environment[edit]

Painter rejects the Trump administration's approach to carbon emissions and departure from the Paris Agreement.^[42] He believes that human-caused climate change is an existential threat to human life, and wants to make various political changes to try to prevent it, including:

• Implementing a carbon tax^[43]
• Removing climate change deniers from office^[44]
• Reentering the Paris Agreement^[45]

Copper/nickel mining[edit]

The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness comprises nearly one million acres of pristine Minnesota lakes, forests, and wildlife. It also contains vast quantities of metals such as copper and nickel that foreign entities are trying to mine by an extremely dangerous method: sulfide mining.^[46]

https://yellowriver315.weebly.com/blog/fleetwood-mac-don-t-stop-documentary-download. The band went through multiple line-ups with six different lead guitarists.

Painter often points out that copper/nickel mining has serious environmental consequences. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is a political office, and Painter believes Minnesotans have little reason to be confident in their ability to protect Minnesota from these consequences.^[46] The legal framework governing these kinds of mines was designed to regulate taconite extraction and does not properly address sulfide mining. Additionally, Glencore's chairman, Tony Hayward, former chairman of British Petroleum during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, gives Painter reason to question the company's commitment to safety and environmental-consciousness.^[47]

For these reasons Painter vehemently opposes H.R. 3115, a bill that passed the U.S. House in early December 2017 to push through a land swap needed for the completion of the PolyMet mine, and the 'Smith Amendment,' a rider added to the National Defense Authorization Act that was designed to be parallel legislation to H.R. 3115 introduced in the U.S. Senate.^[48][49] Enacting this legislation will void four pending lawsuits on the matter, preventing Minnesotans from questioning the legality of the land swap and eliminating the judicial branch's role.

Painter also opposes the MINER Act (H.R. 3905), which would prevent the completion of a two-year Forest Service study related to economic and environmental issues associated with mining near the Boundary Waters.^[50] This act would allow PolyMet to begin mining before all the questions surrounding the sulfide mines are answered fully.^[51] Painter believes that Minnesotans have a right to know the kind of damage these mines will do to our rivers, lakes, and ecosystems before the monied interests in Washington push them through. The MINER Act also designates Minnesota as the only state in the nation unworthy of public lands protections, requiring Congressional intervention into decisions regarding public lands in Minnesota.^[52]

Clean energy[edit]

Painter has said, 'Donald Trump’s promise to bring coal mining back to the U.S. is disingenuous. We need to move forward and expand the creation of clean jobs across the state.' He supports creating these jobs by expanding tax credits that can help grow solar energy farms across Minnesota.^[53] Painter believes that investing in clean energy will increase jobs in all areas of processing, such as installation, manufacturing, sales and distribution, and project development.

Painter also advocates fair trade and free tradetrade policies in order to protect American jobs while promoting clean energy investment. He has criticized the Trump tariffs, saying that, while using American resources is important to the economy, he believes that these tariffs will only increase the prices of goods while propping up a sector of unsustainable jobs.^[53]

Election reform[edit]

If elected, Painter promised to take the following steps to eliminate the corrupting influence of money in politics, which he believes is legalized bribery.^[53][54]

• Introduce a bill requiring complete transparency about money in politics, including contributions to 501(c)(3) organizations, 501(c)(4) organizations, PACs, Super PACs, and any dark-money organizations engaging in communications intended to influence elections. All such contributions will be recorded by the FEC and made publicly available.
• Enact a 'Taxation Only With Representation' statute giving every taxpayer the right to designate the first $200 of their taxes to the campaign(s) of his/her choice.
• Vote against the appointment of any Supreme Court nominee who will not, under oath, commit to overturning FEC vs. Citizens United.
• Provide funding to state legislatures to organize and sponsor televised debates for both the primary and general election for all federal and statewide offices, as well as any other offices at the discretion of the legislature.

Personal life[edit]

Painter's wife, Karen Painter, is a professor of music history at the University of Minnesota. They have three children, and have lived in Minnesota since 2007.^[55]

In July 2015 Painter was diagnosed with shingles and Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2, which left his face partially paralyzed.^[56]

Selected publications[edit]

• Getting the Government America Deserves: How Ethics Reform Can Make a Difference (Oxford University Press 2009)
• Professional and Personal Responsibilities of the Lawyer (with Judge John T. Noonan Jr.; Foundation 1997; Second Edition, 2001; Third Edition 2011)
• Securities Litigation and Enforcement (with Margaret Sachs and Donna Nagy; West 2003; Second Edition, 2007; Third Edition 2011).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Lawyer Richard Painter - Minneapolis, MN Attorney - Avvo'. www.avvo.com. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
2. ^Samuels, Brett (May 16, 2018). 'Ethics watchdog: Trump should have disclosed Cohen payment last year'. TheHill. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
3. ^'House Democrats have oversight investigation plans far beyond Russia probe'. NBC News. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
4. ^Debenedetti, Gabriel (January 21, 2017). 'Brock groups set $40 million budget to fight Trump'. Politico. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
5. ^Elaine Godfrey (March 7, 2018). 'The Radicalization of Richard Painter: The former White House ethics lawyer is considering turning his anti-Trump crusade into a Senate campaign'. TheAtlantic.com. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
6. ^ ^abcdPaul Walsh, Former George W. Bush ethics lawyer ditches GOP, to seek U.S. Senate in Minn. as Democrat, Star Tribune (April 29, 2018).
7. ^'Gill v. Whitford: U.S. Supreme Court - Amicus Brief by Represent.Us and Richard Painter'. Campaign Legal Center. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
8. ^'Liberal Group Behind Kavanaugh Resistance is Hiding Its Funding'. Campaign Legal Center. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
9. ^Election filing indicates Painter to run as DFL candidate for U.S. Senate; Minnesota Public Radio; Nina Moini; April 29, 2018
10. ^FOX. 'Minnesota primary election results roundup'. KMSP. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
11. ^ ^ab'Contributors: Prof. Richard W. Painter'. Federalist Society. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
12. ^ ^ab'Richard Painter: Former Bush White House Chief Ethics lawyer'. The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
13. ^ ^abRichard W. Painter: S. Walter Richey Professor of Corporate Law, University of Minnesota Law School (last accessed November 7, 2018).
14. ^'Proposed Dowling Review Questioned'. The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
15. ^Buckley Jr., William (January 7, 1982). 'Firing Line'(PDF).
16. ^'Richard W. Painter'. University of Minnesota Twin Cities. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
17. ^ ^abPainter, Richard W. (March 2, 2017), 'Jeff Sessions Needs to Go', The New York Times, retrieved March 2, 2017
18. ^Baker, Peter. 'Besieged White House Reinforces Counsel's Office', Washington Post (June 9, 2007). See correction at top of the article.
19. ^Painter, Richard W. Bush Would Have Nominated Garland, New York Times (March 23, 2016).
20. ^Whelan, Edward. Re: Baseless Claim that President Bush Would/Might Have Nominated Garland, National Review (March 23, 2016).
21. ^ ^ab'Richard W Painter'. The Guardian. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
22. ^'Norman Eisen and Richard Painter to Lead CREW Board'. Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. December 7, 2016.
23. ^'Ex-Bush White House Lawyer: 'Nixon May Have Been a Crook' But He 'Wasn't a Russian Agent''. Mediaite. May 17, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
24. ^'The collusion scorecard: What we know so far about Trump-Russia contacts'. Ottawa Citizen. March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2019. “We know there was collusion,” Richard Painter told a CNN panel last week.
25. ^https://www.dw.com/en/ex-white-house-ethics-lawyer-stone-indictment-direct-evidence-of-collusion/a-47240404
26. ^ ^abSpencer, Jim (January 31, 2017). 'U law prof Richard Painter sues Trump over ethics'. StarTribune.com. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
27. ^Rosenmann, Alexandra (January 23, 2017). 'Republican Ethics Lawyer Suing Trump for Violation of Constitution: 'We Are Fed Up!''. Alternet. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
28. ^Farenthold, David; O'Connell, Jonathan (December 21, 2017). 'Judge dismisses lawsuit alleging Trump violated Constitution'. Washington Post.
29. ^Kroll, Andy. Judge Tosses Out Lawsuit Targeting Trump’s Foreign Business Dealings: But the constitutional battle over the emoluments clause is far from over., Mother Jones (December 21, 2017).
30. ^CREW v. Donald J. Trump, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington.
31. ^'Transcript'. CNN. May 17, 2017.
32. ^ ^abcdDavid M. Perry, 'I've Been a Pain in the Rear for the Republican Party': A Conversation With Richard Painter, Pacific Standard (May 17, 2018).
33. ^'Minnesota primary election results roundup'. KMSP. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
34. ^'Tina Smith, Karin Housley make for historic matchup for U.S. Senate'. Star Tribune. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
35. ^'Economy - Richard Painter for US Senate'. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
36. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
37. ^Painter, Richard W. (December 19, 2012). 'Opinion | The N.R.A. Protection Racket'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
38. ^'Painter For Minnesota on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
39. ^ ^abPainter Minnesota (May 30, 2018), Richard Painter on the need for single-payer healthcare, retrieved August 2, 2018
40. ^Jilani, Zaid (May 18, 2018). ''Medicare for All' Becomes Issue in Race for Al Franken's Senate Seat'. The Intercept. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
41. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
42. ^'Richard Painter'. www.facebook.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
43. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
44. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
45. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
46. ^ ^ab'Environment'. Painter For Minnesota. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
47. ^'Our Leadership'. Glencore. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
48. ^Richard, Nolan, (November 29, 2017). 'H.R.3115 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Superior National Forest Land Exchange Act of 2017'. www.congress.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
49. ^'Sen. Tina Smith's amendment would complete PolyMet land swap'. Star Tribune. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
50. ^Emmer, Tom (December 1, 2017). 'H.R.3905 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Minnesota's Economic Rights in the Superior National Forest Act'. www.congress.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
51. ^'Emmer Introduces MINER Act'. Congressman Tom Emmer. October 3, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
52. ^'MINER Act introduced | The Ely Echo'. www.elyecho.com. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
53. ^ ^abc'Election Reform'. Painter For Minnesota. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
54. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
55. ^'Faculty & Staff Directory'. College of Liberal Arts | University of Minnesota. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
56. ^'Richard W. Painter on Twitter'. Twitter. Retrieved June 4, 2018.

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Painter&oldid=902399044'

Presidential campaign button for Abraham Lincoln, 1860. The reverse side of the button shows a portrait of his running mate Hannibal Hamlin.

Part of the Politics series
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A political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making progress within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, by which representatives are chosen or referendums are decided. In modern politics, the most high-profile political campaigns are focused on general elections and candidates for head of state or head of government, often a president or prime minister.

• 3Organization
• 4Techniques
• 5Campaign types
• 6Modern election campaigns in the United States
  • 6.4Other issues and criticisms
• 7Effects
  • 7.1Presidential campaigns
• 11Sources

Campaign message[edit]

Election campaign in East Timor: Truck Rally

The message of the campaign contains the ideas that the candidate wants to share with the voters. It is to get those who agree with their ideas to support them when running for a political position.The message often consists of several talking points about policy issues. The points summarize the main ideas of the campaign and are repeated frequently in order to create a lasting impression with the voters. In many elections, the opposition party will try to get the candidate 'off message' by bringing up policy or personal questions that are not related to the talking points. Most campaigns prefer to keep the message broad in order to attract the most potential voters. A message that is too narrow can alienate voters or slow the candidate down with explaining details. For example, in the 2008 American presidential electionJohn McCain originally used a message that focused on his patriotism and political experience: 'Country First'; later the message was changed to shift attention to his role as 'The Original Maverick' within the political establishment. Barack Obama ran on a consistent, simple message of 'change' throughout his campaign. However, even if the message is crafted carefully, it does not assure the candidate a victory at the polls. For a winning candidate, the message is refined and then becomes his or her in office.

Campaign finance[edit]

Fundraising techniques include having the candidate call or meet with large donors, sending direct mail pleas to small donors, and courting interest groups who could end up spending millions on the race if it is significant to their interests. Michael 4 base daz furniture store.

Organization[edit]

In a modern political campaign, the campaign organization (or 'machine') will have a coherent structure of personnel in the same manner as any business of similar size.

Campaign manager[edit]

Successful campaigns usually require a campaign manager to coordinate the campaign's operations. Apart from a candidate, they are often a campaign's most visible leader. Modern campaign managers may be concerned with executing strategy rather than setting it - particularly if the senior strategists are typically outside political consultants such as primarily pollsters and media consultants.

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Political consultants[edit]

Political consultants advise campaigns on virtually all of their activities, from research to field strategy. Consultants conduct candidate research, voter research, and opposition research for their clients.

Activists[edit]

Activists are the 'foot soldiers' loyal to the cause, the true believers who will carry the run by volunteer activists. Such volunteers and interns may take part in activities such as canvassing door-to-door and making phone calls on behalf of the campaigns.

Techniques[edit]

DemocratJohn Edwards makes a campaign speech in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 2007.

A campaign team (which may be as small as one inspired individual, or a heavily resourced group of professionals) must consider how to communicate the message of the campaign, recruit volunteers, and raise money. Campaign advertising draws on techniques from commercial advertising and propaganda, also entertainment and public relations, a mixture dubbed politainment. The avenues available to political campaigns when distributing their messages is limited by the law, available resources, and the imagination of the campaigns' participants. These techniques are often combined into a formal strategy known as the campaign plan. The plan takes account of a campaign's goal, message, target audience, and resources available. The campaign will typically seek to identify supporters at the same time as getting its message across.The modern, open campaign method was pioneered by Aaron Burr during the American presidential election of 1800.^[1][2][3]

Campaign communication[edit]

Election campaign communication refers to party-controlled communication, e.g. campaign advertising, and party-uncontrolled communication, e.g. media coverage of elections.

Campaign advertising[edit]

Campaign advertising is the use of paid media (newspapers, radio, television, etc.) to influence the decisions made for and by groups. These ads are designed by political consultants and the campaign's staff.

Media management[edit]

The public media (in US parlance 'free media' or 'earned media') may run the story that someone is trying to get elected or to do something about certain aspects regarding their specific country.

Demonstrations[edit]

A political rally in Chinatown, Los Angeles, featuring Betty Ford campaigning for her husband, U.S. President Gerald Ford, during the 1976 presidential campaign.

Modern technology and the internet[edit]

The internet is now a core element of modern political campaigns. Communication technologies such as e-mail, websites, and podcasts for various forms of activism enable faster communications by citizen movements and deliver a message to a large audience. These Internet technologies are used for cause-related fundraising, lobbying, volunteering, community building, and organizing. Individual political candidates are also using the internet to promote their election campaign. In a study of Norwegian election campaigns, politicians reported they used social media for marketing and for dialogue with voters. Facebook was the primary platform for marketing and Twitter was used for more continuous dialogue.^[4]

Signifying the importance of internet political campaigning, Barack Obama's presidential campaign relied heavily on social media, Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) and new media channels to engage voters, recruit campaign volunteers, and raise campaign funds. The campaign brought the spotlight on the importance of using internet in new-age political campaigning by utilizing various forms of social media and new media (including Facebook, YouTube and a custom generated social engine) to reach new target populations. The campaign's social website, my.BarackObama.com, utilized a low cost and efficient method of mobilizing voters and increasing participation among various voter populations.^[5] This new media was incredibly successful at reaching the younger population while helping all populations organize and promote action.

Now Online Election campaign has got a new dimension, the campaign information can be shared as in Rich Info format through campaign landing pages, integrating Google's rich snippets, structured data,^[6]Social mediaopen graphs, and husting support file formats for YouTube like .sbv (SubRip), .srt (subtitle resource track), .vtt (Video text trace), high proficiency and effective algorithmic integration will be the core factor in the frame-work. This technology integration helps campaign information to reach a wide audience in split seconds. This has successfully been tested and implemented in 2015 Aruvikkara Election Kerala.^[7]* Marcus Giavanni, social media consultant and blockchain developer and second place opponent in the 2015 election, was first to file for the 2019 election. Marcus Giavanni Uses Advanced Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, and Voice Indexing Predictions to box in campaigns.^[8]

Husting[edit]

A husting, or the hustings, was originally a physical platform from which representatives presented their views or cast votes before a parliamentary or other election body. By metonymy, the term may now refer to any event, such as debates or speeches, during an election campaign where one or more of the representative candidates are present.

Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME)

Search Engine Manipulation Effect (SEME), and the ability to reach the millennial demographic over social media and search engines, has become an important component to online Husting-based campaign efforts.

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It's evident that SEME can influence unbiased voters heavily, a study by Mr. Ronald E. Robertson (Senior Research Psychologist at the American Institute of Behavioural Research and Technology and the former editor in chief of Psychology Today )

Other techniques[edit]

NDP leader Jack Layton and Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe greet babies - a traditional campaign activity - at the Fête nationale du Québec in Montreal

• Writing directly to members of the public (either via a professional marketing firm or, particularly on a small scale, by volunteers)
• By distributing leaflets or selling newspapers
• Through websites, online communities, and solicited or unsolicited bulk email^[9]
• Through a new technique known as microtargeting that helps identify and target small demographic slices of voters
• Through a whistlestop tour - a series of brief appearances in several small towns
• Hampering the ability of political competitors to campaign, by such techniques as counter-rallies, picketing of rival parties’ meetings, or overwhelming rival candidates' offices with mischievous phone calls (most political parties in representative democracies publicly distance themselves from such disruptive and morale-affecting tactics, with the exception of those parties self-identifying as activist
• Organizing political house parties
• Using endorsements of other celebrated party members to boost support (see coattail effect)
• Remaining close to or at home to make speeches to supporters who come to visit as part of a front porch campaign
• Vote-by-mail, previously known as 'absentee ballots' have grown significantly in importance as an election tool. Campaigns in most states must have a strategy in place to impact early voting
• Sale of official campaign merchandise (colloquially known as Swag, in reference to the baiting technique) as a way of commuting a competitor's popularity into campaign donations, volunteer recruitment, and free advertising^[10]

Campaign types[edit]

Informational campaign[edit]

An informational campaign is a political campaign designed to raise public awareness and support for the positions of a candidate (or her/his party).^[11] It is more intense than a paper campaign, which consists of little more than filing the necessary papers to get on the ballot, but is less intense than a competitive campaign, which aims to actually win election to the office. An informational campaign typically focuses on low-cost outreach such as news releases, getting interviewed in the paper, making a brochure for door to door distribution, organizing poll workers, etc.^[12]

Paper campaign[edit]

A paper campaign is a political campaign in which the candidate only files the necessary paperwork to appear on the ballot.^[13][14] The purpose of such a token effort may be simply to increase name awareness of a minor political party or to give voters of a certain ideology an opportunity to vote accordingly. It can be a cost-effective means of attracting media coverage. An informational campaign, by contrast, may involve news releases, newspaper interviews, door-to-door campaigning, and organizing polls. As the level of seriousness rises, the marginal cost of reaching more people rises accordingly, due to the high cost of TV commercials, paid staff, etc. which are used by competitive campaigns.^[15]

Modern election campaigns in the United States[edit]

Types of elections[edit]

Walter Faulkner, candidate for U.S. Congress in 1938, campaigns in person with a farmer in Crossville, Tennessee (photo by Dorothea Lange)

The United States is unusual in that dozens of different offices are filled by election, from drain commissioner to the President of the United States. Elections happen every year on many different dates in many different areas of the country.

All federal elections (that is, elections for president and vice president as well as elections to the House of Representatives and Senate) are partisan. Elections to most (but not all) statewide offices are partisan as well, and all state legislatures except for Nebraska are partisan.

Some state and local offices are non-partisan - these often include judicial elections, special district elections (the most common of which are elections to the school board, and elections to municipal (town council, city commission, mayor) and county (county commission, district attorney, sheriff) office. In some cases, candidates of the same political party challenging each other and in many cases without any campaign references to political parties, while in other cases, even non-partisan races may take on partisan overtones.

Process of campaigning[edit]

U.S. PresidentRichard Nixon campaigns in 1972 by 'working the crowd' and shaking hands with supporters.

Major campaigns in the United States are often much longer than those in other democracies.^{[citation needed]}

Campaigns start anywhere from several months to several years before election day. The first part of any campaign for a candidate is deciding to run. Prospective candidates will often speak with family, friends, professional associates, elected officials, community leaders, and the leaders of political parties before deciding to run. Candidates are often recruited by political parties and lobby groups interested in electing like-minded politicians. During this period, people considering running for office will consider their ability to put together the money, organization, and public image needed to get elected. Many campaigns for major office do not progress past this point as people often do not feel confident in their ability to win. However, some candidates lacking the resources needed for a competitive campaign proceed with an inexpensive paper campaign or informational campaign designed to raise public awareness and support for their positions.

Once a person decides to run, they will make a public announcement. This announcement could consist of anything from a simple press release to concerned media outlets to a major media event followed by a speaking tour. It is often well known to many people that a candidate will run prior to an announcement being made. Campaigns will often be announced and then only officially 'kicked off' months after active campaigning has begun. Being coy about whether a candidacy is planned is often a deliberate process by a prospective candidate, either to 'test the waters' or to keep the media's attention.

One of the most important aspects of the major American political campaign is the ability to raise large sums of money, especially early on in the race. Political insiders and donors often judge candidates based on their ability to raise money. Not raising enough money early on can lead to problems later as donors are not willing to give funds to candidates they perceive to be losing, a perception based on their poor fundraising performance.

Also during this period, candidates travel around the area they are running in and meet with voters; speaking to them in large crowds, small groups, or even one-on-one. This allows voters to get a better picture of who a candidate is than that which they read about in the paper or see on television. Campaigns sometimes launch expensive media campaigns during this time to introduce the candidate to voters, although most wait until closer to election day.

Campaigns often dispatch volunteers into local communities to meet with voters and persuade people to support the candidate. The volunteers are also responsible for identifying supporters, recruiting them as volunteers or registering them to vote if they are not already registered. The identification of supporters will be useful later as campaigns remind voters to cast their votes.

Late in the campaign, campaigns will launch expensive television, radio, and direct mail campaigns aimed at persuading voters to support the candidate. Campaigns will also intensify their grassroots campaigns, coordinating their volunteers in a full court effort to win votes.

Voting in the United States often starts weeks before election day as mail-in ballots are a commonly used voting method. Campaigns will often run two persuasion programs, one aimed at mail-in voters and one aimed at the more traditional poll voters.

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Maps.me mac os x. Campaigns for minor office may be relatively simple and inexpensive - talking to local newspapers, giving out campaign signs, and greeting people in the local square.

Political consultants[edit]

Political campaigns in the United States are not merely a civic ritual and occasion for political debate, but a multibillion-dollar industry, dominated by professional political consultants using sophisticated campaign management tools, to an extent far greater than elsewhere in the world. Though the quadrennial presidential election attracts the most attention, the United States has a huge number of elected offices and there is wide variation between different states, counties, and municipalities on which offices are elected and under what procedures. Moreover, unlike democratic politics in much of the rest of the world, the US has relatively weak parties. While parties play a significant role in fundraising and occasionally in drafting people to run, campaigns are ultimately controlled by the individual candidates themselves.

Other issues and criticisms[edit]

Cost of campaign advertising[edit]

American political campaigns have become heavily reliant on broadcast media and direct mail advertising (typically designed and purchased through specialized consultants). Though virtually all campaign media are sometimes used at all levels (even candidates for local office have been known to purchase cable TV ads), smaller, lower-budget campaigns are typically more focused on direct mail, low-cost advertising (such as lawn signs), and direct voter contact. This reliance on expensive advertising is a leading factor behind the rise in the cost of running for office in the United States. This rising cost is considered by some to discourage those without well-monied connections, or money themselves, from running for office.

Independent expenditures[edit]

Money is raised and spent not only by candidate's campaign, but also by party committees, political action committees, and other groups (in the 2004 election cycle, much controversy has focused on a new category of organization, 527 groups). This is sometimes done through independent expenditures made in support or opposition of specific candidates but without any candidate's cooperation or approval. The lack of an overt connection between a candidate and third party groups allows one side of a campaign to attack the other side while avoiding criticism for going negative. A memorable example are the Swift Boat Veterans who criticized John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential campaign.^[16]

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Future developments[edit]

Many political players and commentators agree that American political campaigns are currently undergoing a period of change, due to increased use of the internet, which has become a valuable fundraising tool. This has led to the development of digital marketing, where customers can be targeted by demographic factors such age, location and occupation.

However, as modern technology continues to adapt to changes in society, Internet campaigning will never be able to serve as a complete replacement for traditional politicalcampaigning without reducing the significant barriers to entry.^[17] Internet political campaigning leaves out entire portions of each population because it only is accessible to a certain portion of the population, leaving those without this access disconnected.

For example, during Obama's recent presidential campaign, Internet political campaigning was supposedly effective at reaching the younger population, as they remain engaged with social websites and new media.^[18] Because of the limits of technology, Obama's Internet campaign failed to reach older generations who didn't use this new media, as well as significant amounts of the population who didn't have access.

Effects[edit]

Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election Results

A forthcoming study in the American Political Science Review found that campaigns have 'an average effect of zero in general elections'.^[19][20] The study found two instances where campaigning was effective: 'First, when candidates take unusually unpopular positions and campaigns invest unusually heavily in identifying persuadable voters. Second, when campaigns contact voters long before election day and measure effects immediately — although this early persuasion decays.'^[19][20]

Presidential campaigns[edit]

A large body of political science research emphasizes how 'fundamentals' - the state of the economy, whether the country is at war, how long the president's party has held the office, and which candidate is more ideologically moderate - predict presidential election outcomes.^{[21][22][23][24][25]} However, campaigns may be necessary to enlighten otherwise uninformed voters about the fundamentals, which thus become increasingly predictive of preferences as the campaign progresses.^{[21][26][27][28]} Research suggests that 'the 2012 presidential campaigns increased turnout in highly targeted states by 7–8 percentage points, on average, indicating that modern campaigns can significantly alter the size and composition of the voting population.'.^[29]

National conventions[edit]

A consensus in the political science literature holds that national conventions usually have a measurable effect on presidential elections that is relatively resistant to decay.^[26][27][28]

Presidential and vice-presidential debates[edit]

Research is mixed on the precise impact of debates.^[26][28][30] Rather than encourage viewers to update their political views in accordance with the most persuasive arguments, viewers instead update their views to merely reflect what their favored candidate is saying.^[31]

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Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election Results

Presidential primaries[edit]

The fundamentals matter less in the outcome of presidential primaries. One prominent theory holds that the outcome of presidential primaries is largely determined by the preferences of party elites.^[32] Presidential primaries are therefore less predictive, as all kinds of events may impact elites' perception of the viability of candidates. Gaffes, debates and media narratives play a greater role in primaries than in presidential elections.^[22][33]

Strategies[edit]

Traditional ground campaigning and voter contacts remain the most effective strategies.^[29][34] Some research suggests that knocking on doors can increase turnout by as much as 10%^[35] and phone calls by as much as 4%.^[36] One study suggests that lawn signs increase vote share by 1.7 percentage points.^[37] A review of more than 200 get-out-the-vote experiments finds that the most effective tactics are personal: Door-to-door canvassing increases turnout by an average of about 2.5 percentage points; volunteer phone calls raise it by about 1.9 points, compared to 1.0 points for calls from commercial phone banks; automated phone messages are ineffective.^[38][39] Each field office that the Obama campaign opened in 2012 gave him approximately a 0.3% greater vote share.^[40] The Obama 2008 campaign's use of field most offices has been credited as crucial in winning Indiana and North Carolina.^[41] According to one study, the cost per vote by having a field office is $49.40.^[41] Using out-of-state volunteers for canvassing is less effective in increasing turnout than using local and trained volunteers.^[42][43]

Political science research generally finds negative advertisement (which has increased over time)^[44] to be ineffective both at reducing the support and turnout for the opponent.^[45] According to political scientists Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, negative ads do succeed at driving down overall turnout though.^[46] They also find that 'negative ads work better for Republicans than for Democrats, and better for men than for women; unfortunately, negative ads also work better in general than positive ones.'^[46] Challengers who spend more time campaigning get a higher vote share against incumbents in state house elections.^[47] According to political scientist Lynn Vavreck, 'the evidence suggests that campaign ads have small effects that decay rapidly — very rapidly — but just enough of the impact accumulates to make running more advertising than your opponent seem a necessity.'^[48] A 2019 study of online political advertising conducted by a party in the 2016 Berlin state election campaign found that the online-ad campaign 'increased the party's vote share by 0.7 percentage points' and that factual ads were more effective than emotional ads.^[49]

According to political scientists Donald Green and Alan Gerber, it costs $31 to produce a vote going door to door, $91-$137 to produce a vote by sending out direct mailers, $47 per vote from leafletting, $58-$125 per vote from commercial phone banking, and $20-$35 per vote from voluntary phone banking.^[50] A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that door-to-door canvassing on behalf of the Francois Hollande campaign in the 2012 French presidential election 'did not affect turnout, but increased Hollande's vote share in the first round and accounted for one fourth of his victory margin in the second. Visits' impact persisted in later elections, suggesting a lasting persuasion effect.'^[51] According to a 2018 study, repeated get-out-the-vote phone calls had diminishing effects but each additional phone call increased the probability to vote by 0.6-1.0 percentage points.^[52] Another 2018 study found that 'party leaflets boost turnout by 4.3 percentage points while canvassing has a small additional effect (0.6 percentage points)' in a United Kingdom election.^[53]

A 2016 study found that visits by candidate visits to states have modest effects: 'visits are most effective in influencing press coverage at the national level and within battleground states. Visits’ effects on voters themselves, however, are much more modest than consultants often claim, and visits appear to have no effects outside the market that hosts a visit.'^[54] The authors of the study argue that it would be more effective for campaigns to go to the pockets of the country where wealthy donors are (for fundraising) and hold rallies in the populous states both to attract national press and raise funds.^[54] A 2005 study found that campaign visits had no statistically significant effect, after controlling for other factors, on voter turnout in the 1992, 1996, and 2000 elections.^[55] On the other hand, a 2017 paper of the 1948 presidential election provides 'strong evidence that candidate visits can influence electoral returns'.^[56] Other research also provides evidence that campaign visits increase vote share.^[57]

History[edit]

Political campaigns have existed as long as there have been informed citizens to campaign amongst. Democratic societies have regular election campaigns, but political campaigning can occur on particular issues even in non-democracies so long as freedom of expression is allowed. Often mass campaigns are started by the less privileged or anti-establishment viewpoints (as against more powerful interests whose first resort is lobbying). The phenomenon of political campaigns are tightly tied to lobby groups and political parties.

The first modern campaign is often described as William Ewart Gladstone's Midlothian campaign in 1878-80, although there may be earlier recognizably modern examples from the 19th century. The 1896 William McKinley presidential campaign laid the groundwork for modern campaigns.^[58][59]

In the 1790-1820s, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party battled it out in the so-called 'First Party System'. American election campaigns in the 19th century created the first mass-base political parties and invented many of the techniques of mass campaigning.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Political campaigns.

Techniques and traditions

• Robocalls & Personalized audio messaging

General topics

Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Elections

References[edit]

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Sources[edit]

World[edit]

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• Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair, 'Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party'. Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 5-28 (1995) doi:10.1177/1354068895001001001online abstract
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United States[edit]

• Bike, William S. Winning Political Campaigns: A Comprehensive Guide to Electoral Success. Chicago: Central Park Communications, 2012.
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• Kirsten A. Foot and Steven M. Schneider, 'Web Campaigning'. The MIT Press, 2006.
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• Justin A. Gravely. ' Campaigning on American soil and the rules of the American Government'. Cambridge University Press, 2014

Ethics In America Second Edition 2004 Election Result

Further reading[edit]

Worst Day In America Second Worst

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